Ukufakwa kophahla kusengenye yezindlela zokuhlobisa ikhaya ezibiza kakhulu. Kuyo yonke i-United States, abanikazi bezindlu basebenzisa ama-asphalt shingles ukufulela nokufaka kabusha uphahla—lolu uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwezinto zokufulela zokuhlala. Ama-asphalt shingles aqinile, ayabizi futhi kulula ukuwafaka. Ezinye izinto zokufulela ezivamile zifaka amathayili, insimbi, ukhuni, kanye ne-slate. Qiniseka ukuthi uhlola izimpawu zomonakalo wophahla njalo ukuze uvimbele izinkinga ezibizayo. Uma uphahla lonakele, sicela unqume ukuthi kudingeka yini ukulungiswa okulula endaweni ngaphambi kokukhetha ukufakwa kabusha okuphelele.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza ukuhlolwa njalo kophahla ukuze ubheke izimpawu zomonakalo. Izinhlekelele zemvelo ezifana neziphepho, ukuzamazama komhlaba, noma imililo ziyizimpawu ezisobala zomonakalo wophahla, kodwa izimpawu ezivame kakhulu kungaba amabala noma amaconsi ophahleni, izimpawu zokuguguleka (njengokuqhekeka noma ukungabikho kwe-shingles), amabala okugqwala, ukukhula kwe-moss noma i-lichen, ngaphansi kophahla Ukushintsha kombala noma upende oqhekekayo.
Ama-shingle e-asphalt akhiwe yizinhlayiya, ezivame ukubola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinhlayiya ezitholakala emapayipini okudonsa amanzi endlini zingase zibonise ukuthi ama-shingle ayaqhuma futhi adinga ukushintshwa.
Uma kukhona ukuvuza ophahleni, uma indlu inophahla olungakaqedwa noma olugoqiwe, umninikhaya angakwazi ukuthola umthombo wokuvuza. Izindlela zokwelapha ukuvuza okulula zifaka phakathi ukugcwalisa imifantu nge-caulk, ukufaka ama-shingle noma ukufaka amaphaneli angangeni manzi ukuze amanzi asuke endlini. Ukubiza uchwepheshe ngokuvamile kulula ukuthola umthombo wokuvuza nokunquma izinyathelo ezilandelayo, ikakhulukazi uma ukuvuza kwenzeka endlini engenalo uphahla olungakaqedwa noma isikhala sokukhasa ngaphezu kophahla.
Ngisho noma kungekho zimpawu ezicacile zomonakalo, uma uphahla lungaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 ubudala noma luphelelwe yiwaranti, kungase kube yisikhathi sokuba umpheki ochwepheshile ashintshe uphahla. Ukushintsha uphahla okusebenzayo kuzosiza ekuvimbeleni umonakalo omkhulu esakhiweni sophahla nakwezinye izingxenye zendlu esikhathini esizayo.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zophahla ezifanele izidingo ezahlukene, izindleko, isimo sezulu kanye nabasebenzi. Qhubeka ufunda ukuze uthole inketho engcono kakhulu kuwe.
Ama-shingle e-asphalt asewuhlobo oludumile kakhulu lwezinto zokufulela. Ngokusho kwe-Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association, ama-shingle e-asphalt akha izingxenye ezine kwezinhlanu zophahla lwezindlu e-United States. Ukuqina, izindleko eziphansi, kanye nokulula kokufakwa kwama-shingle e-asphalt kusho izindleko eziphansi zomsebenzi lapho kuqashwa osonkontileka abangochwepheshe. Ama-shingle e-asphalt akhiwe nge-fiber yengilazi, i-asphalt kanye nezinhlayiya ze-ceramic. Ama-shingle alula ngesisindo futhi atholakala ngemibala ehlukahlukene. Futhi awangeni manzi futhi ahlinzeka ngokuvikela okuhle.
Ama-shingle e-asphalt awadingi nje kuphela ukulungiswa okuncane, kodwa futhi asebenza kahle emazingeni okushisa aphezulu anomoya ovunguzayo, imvula kanye neqhwa elivamile. Kukhona uchungechunge lwezindlela zokwakha kanye nezitayela zokwakha ezivumela abanikazi bezindlu ukuthi bathole cishe noma yikuphi ukubukeka abakufunayo ngentengo engabizi. Ngokwesilinganiso, ama-shingle e-asphalt angahlala iminyaka engama-20, kodwa isimo sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama singanciphisa impilo yabo yokusebenza ibe yiminyaka eyi-10. Uma uphahla lungemi kakhulu, abathandi be-DIY abasafufusa bangafunda ukufaka ama-shingle ngokwabo.
Uphahla lwe-slate luvame kakhulu enyakatho-mpumalanga, lapho izindlu ze-Gothic neze-Victorian ezindala zivamile khona. Imibala ihlanganisa okumpunga okumnyama, okuluhlaza okotshani nokubomvu. I-slate cishe ayibhubhi futhi ingasetshenziswa iminyaka efinyelela kweyikhulu ngisho nasesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Uphahla lwe-slate luvame ukubhekwa njengokukhetha kokunethezeka kubanikazi bezindlu, ngoba le nto iyabiza futhi iyasinda.
Ochwepheshe bophahla abavamile abanalo ikhono lokusingatha umsebenzi wophahla lweslate. Abakhi abangochwepheshe ngokuvamile yibona kuphela ochwepheshe abafanelekayo abangafaka islate ngendlela efanele. Asincomi abantu abazenzela izinto ngokwabo ukuthi bazame ukufaka noma ukulungisa uphahla lweslate.
Ithayela liyisinqumo esiqinile sezindlu eFlorida naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga. Libonisa ukushisa, okufana nezakhiwo zesitayela saseMedithera noma saseSpain. Ukufakwa kwethayela kunzima futhi kuyakhandla, ngakho-ke kunconywa ukuqasha uchwepheshe. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamathayela ezivame ukusetshenziswa emakhaya aseMelika: ubumba nokhonkolo.
Izitini zobumba zivame ukuba nombala ofana nowemigqomo futhi zinombala onsundu obomvu. Njengoba amathayili ehlala isikhathi eside kodwa esindayo, isakhiwo sophahla kufanele sihlolwe ngaphambi kokushintshela kumathayili obumba. Izitini zobumba zingasetshenziswa iminyaka efinyelela kwengu-75, kodwa ukuqhekeka noma ukuqhekeka ngenxa yokucindezela kuyinkinga evamile.
Izitini zekhonkrithi ziqinile, azishisi, azinazinambuzane futhi azinawo umonakalo obangelwa yiqhwa. Nakuba zibiza kakhulu kunezitini ze-asphalt, izitini zekhonkrithi zingafana namathayili obumba abhakede abiza kakhulu, uphahla lwesileti, noma amapulangwe okhuni, futhi izindleko ziyingxenye encane nje yazo. Isakhiwo sophahla kufanele sihlolwe ngaphambi kokushintshela kumathayili ekhonkrithi ngoba asinda.
Uphahla lwensimbi luvame ukwakhiwa ngemichilo, amaphaneli noma amathayili. Izinhlobo ezivamile zifaka phakathi insimbi, i-aluminium, ithusi, kanye ne-alloys. Zingatholakala ezimweni zezulu ezahlukene kulo lonke elase-United States. Ngokusho kwamakhono abaphakeli, impilo yokusebenza kophahla lwensimbi ide kakhulu kuneyama-asphalt shingles (ngokuvamile afinyelela eminyakeni engama-50). Ngokuvamile zinezindawo ezinamaqhubu noma ezithambile, ezihlinzeka ngezitayela ezahlukahlukene. Ukuphela kopende wasefektri kungathuthukisa nokubukeka kwendlu ngokusebenzisa imibala ehlukene kanye nokuhlanganiswa.
Uphahla lwensimbi luqinile, lulula, alugqwali, alushisi futhi luyasebenziseka. Lungabonakalisa ukukhanya kwelanga ngempumelelo, okwenza kube ukukhetha okuhle emindenini ezindaweni ezifudumele. Kodwa-ke, uphahla lwensimbi lungaba bushelelezi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibandayo lapho kuvame ukukhithika khona. Kunconywa ukufaka amadivayisi okuvikela iqhwa onqenqemeni lophahla ukuvimbela iqhwa eliningi ukuthi lingawi futhi lilimaze abadlulayo.
Uma kungekho bungozi bokulimala kwabadlulayo, ubuso obubushelelezi bophahla lwensimbi bungaletha izinzuzo ezinkulu lapho kususwa iqhwa ophahleni. Uma lina noma lina isichotho, iphaneli yensimbi nayo yenza umsindo omkhulu. Lokhu kwenza izinsimbi ezishibhile zithambekele ekuqhekekeni, kodwa ubuso obunobunjwa bungasiza ekufihleni ukubukeka kwezimbobo, futhi izinsimbi ezisezingeni eliphezulu akufanele ziqhekeke kalula.
Kunconywa ukuqasha uchwepheshe wokufulela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuphila kwesikhathi sokusebenzela kophahla lwensimbi, kanye nokuhlola ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo ethengiwe.
Ama-shingle noma ama-shingle okhuni ayizinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezinokubukeka kwendabuko, kwemvelo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, avame ukuphenduka abe mpunga othambile, okwenza indlu ibukeke ilula futhi ingajwayelekile. Akukhuthazwa ukuthi abantu abasafufusa benze izinto zokuhlobisa basebenzise ama-shingle noma ukushukumisa. Imithetho yendawo kumele ibuyekezwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-shingle avunyelwe. Uphahla lwezinkuni aluvunyelwe kwezinye izindawo zase-United States ngoba lungabangela imililo. Uma lwenziwe kahle, ama-shingle noma ukushukumisa kungahlala iminyaka efinyelela kwengu-50.
Ama-shingle e-rubber composite ayindlela ephumelelayo yokufaka esikhundleni sama-shingle e-asphalt. Enziwe ngengxube yepulasitiki nerabha ephinde yasetshenziswa, okwenza ama-shingle erabha abe yindlela enobungani nemvelo. Afana nama-milkshake e-slate kanye ne-wood, okwenza abe yinto ekhangayo futhi engabizi. Ithayela lerabha liqinile, lihlala isikhathi eside, aliboli futhi alinazinambuzane, futhi liphila isikhathi eside seminyaka engama-50.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uphahla lomninikhaya luyi-gable, luyi-hip noma luyisicaba, ama-asphalt shingles anikeza umninikhaya ithuba lokufinyelela ukubukeka okucwengekile ngentengo ephansi kakhulu. Ama-shingles ajwayelekile anama-3-piece avumela umninikhaya ukuba adale ukubukeka okune-texture ngokusekelwe enombolweni, ukuma, kanye nokuqondaniswa kwemichilo.
Amathayili okwakha angangeza ungqimba lokujula, okwenza uphahla lubukeke lwenziwe ngokwezifiso, ngamaphethini angaphindaphindi. Amathayili axhumene ahlanganiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nomoya esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi zama-shingle nazo zinemibala eminingi. Kuye ngokubukeka okufunwa ngumnikazi wendlu kanye namakhono omuntu oqashiwe, imiklamo engaba khona cishe ayinamkhawulo.
Khumbula, uma uphahla luphakeme kakhulu, luzocaca kakhulu kusukela phansi. Xhumana nochwepheshe wophahla ukuze uthole ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lomklamo olufanele ikhaya lakho.
Umnikazi wendlu kufanele athenge izinto zokufulela ezingcono kakhulu futhi athole umakhi othembekile kakhulu ozozifaka. Isinyathelo sokuqala enkambisweni yokuthenga ukuthola ukuthi hlobo luni lwezinto ezidingekayo, bese ubhekabheka abakhiqizi abahlukene. Linganisela futhi uqhathanise izindleko zomkhiqizi ngamunye ngaphambi kokuthenga. Abakhi abaningi bazonikeza iseluleko, kodwa qaphela ukuthi abakhi abaningi bangathola amakhomishini okuthengisa.
Umenzi ubala intengo yezinto zokufulela ngesikwele (isikwele esisodwa silingana namamitha-skwele ayi-100). Ukuze ulinganisele izindleko, kala ingxenye yophahla ngamamitha, bese uphinda ubude nobubanzi ukuze uthole indawo ngamamitha-skwele. Uma ulinganisa izingxenye eziningi, engeza izindawo bese wengeza cishe u-10% wamamitha-skwele endaweni iyonke ukuze uxazulule imfucuza engaba khona ngesikhathi sokufakwa. Hlukanisa inani eliphelele ngo-100 ukuze unqume ukuthi zingaki izikwele zezinto ezingadingeka.
Izinto zokwakha zivame ukuthengiswa ngamaqoqo, okusho ukuthi kubalulekile ukubona ukuthi inqwaba ngayinye ingamboza amamitha-skwele amangaki. Cabanga ngokuthenga izinto ezengeziwe zomonakalo wesikhathi esizayo. Emjikelezweni wokuphila weminyaka engama-20 kuya kwengama-50, abakhiqizi bangase bayeke ukukhiqiza izinto ezithile, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuba namaqoqo engeziwe kuzokwenza kube lula ukwenza ukwelashwa kwendawo.
Izindleko zokufaka zingahluka kuye ngesitayela sophahla, inani lomsebenzi ohilelekile, kanye nezinto zokuphahla. Hlola iwebhusayithi yomkhiqizi ukuthola ukuthi yimuphi umakhi abamncomayo. Inqubomgomo yomshuwalense womnikazi wendlu ingafaka nohlu lwabakhi abaqinisekisiwe endaweni yakini. Funa abakhi abanolwazi okungenani lweminyaka embalwa kanye nedumela elihle. Thola incwadi yesincomo sendawo bese ucela imvume yendawo noma yesifundazwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bayaqashelwa.
Uma ucela ibhidi, cela imininingwane yezindleko, okuhlanganisa abasebenzi, izinto zokwakha, izinketho zewaranti, noma yiziphi izindleko ezengeziwe ezingaziletha, kanye nesabelomali esiphuthumayo uma kwenzeka izinkinga ezingalindelekile. Sincoma ukucela amabhidi okungenani kosonkontileka abathathu ngaphambi kokusayina noma yisiphi isivumelwano sokwenza umsebenzi.
Sicela uqiniseke ukuthi uyayifunda imithetho yesiqinisekiso sokuphila konke sezinto zokuphahla. Nakuba iziqinisekiso ngezinye izikhathi zikhangiswa njengezisebenza impilo yonke, zingase zihlale iminyaka eyi-10 kuphela. Uma isiqinisekiso sisasebenza, umenzi uzoshintsha ama-shingle anephutha mahhala. Ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi sesiqinisekiso, inani lezinto zokuphahla lizokwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Umnikazi wendlu uzokhokhelwa kuphela ngenani eliphansi.
Iwaranti yomenzi ngokuvamile ayimbozi isimo sezulu esingalindelekile kakhulu. Kulesi simo, umshwalense wabanini bezindlu ungavikela umninikhaya.
Hlola ukuthi iwaranti yomenzi ingadluliselwa kumnikazi omusha yini. Uma umninikhaya ekhetha ukuthengisa indlu ngaphambi kokuba iwaranti yophahla iphelelwe yisikhathi, ukunikeza iwaranti edluliselwayo kuzoba yinzuzo eyengeziwe kumthengi.
UChauncey wakhulela epulazini elisemakhaya enyakatho yeCalifornia. Lapho eneminyaka engu-18, wahamba umhlaba wonke ephethe isikhwama semali kanye nekhadi lesikweletu, futhi wathola ukuthi inani langempela lanoma yimaphi amaphuzu noma amamayela lisekuhlangenwe nakho okulethwa yiso. Ukhululekile kakhulu ukuhlala phezu kwetrektara, kodwa uyaqonda ukuthi ithuba yilapho elithola khona, futhi ukungakhululeki kuyathandeka kakhulu kunokuzethemba.
ULexie ungumhleli osizayo ophethe ukubhala nokuhlela izihloko ngezihloko ezahlukene ezihlobene nomndeni. Uneminyaka ecishe ibe mine yesipiliyoni emkhakheni wokuthuthukisa ikhaya futhi usebenzise ulwazi lwakhe ngenkathi esebenzela izinkampani ezifana ne-HomeAdvisor kanye ne-Angi (eyayikade ibizwa ngokuthi i-Angie's List).